Чтение и письмо: образцы и свой текст (лексическая связность)
Слова урока · 4
- sample /ˈsɑːmpl/образец
- convention /kənˈvenʃn/условность жанра
- model /ˈmɒdl/взять за образец
- fit for purpose /ˌfɪt fə ˈpɜːpəs/пригодный для цели
Фразы урока · 2
- Compare the samples for what they put first; conventions are the reader's expectations made visible.Сравните образцы по тому, что они ставят первым; условности — ожидания читателя, ставшие видимыми.
- Model the shape, not the sentences — a text is fit for purpose when the reader can do the job with it.Берите за образец форму, а не фразы; текст пригоден для цели, когда читатель может сделать с ним работу.
Текст: «Четыре начала — один предмет»
1. REPORT (to the library committee)
Summary. Sunday opening (10–4) ran for four weeks from 2 March. Visits averaged 210 a week against a forecast of 150; 60 % of visitors came in family groups. Cost was £2,900 against a forecast of £2,400, the difference being a second member of staff between 11 and 1. I recommend that the service continue to 15 March and be reviewed then with winter data. Options and figures follow; the source tables are in the appendix.
2. ESSAY (for a policy journal)
Whether public libraries should open on Sundays is usually argued as a question of money, and it is not. It is a question of sequence: which of a library's lost users it should try to recover first. I shall argue that Sunday opening is worth trialling, but only where weekday evening demand — the demand of people who work — has already been met, because the evidence from one town suggests that the two changes recover different people and that the second is the larger group. Sundays matter; they do not matter first.
3. REVIEW (for the local paper)
The library on a Sunday is a different building. It is quieter than on a Saturday, younger by about thirty years, and — for the first hour of the first Sunday — locked, the key having been in the wrong office. I went on three Sundays out of four, with and without a child, and judged it on four things a reader might care about: quiet, space for children, desks, and whether it opens when it says it will.
4. COLUMN (for the same paper)
For three years this town argued about whether to open a door. On the second of March, somebody opened it, and two hundred and ten people a week walked through — a number the council's own forecast had not dared. I want to write about the door, but the door is not the story. The story is the three years.
[What each puts first: the report, the recommendation; the essay, the thesis reframed; the review, what it is like; the column, the hook. What each withholds: the report, all voice; the essay, the verdict on this town; the review, the verdict until the end; the column, the argument until the turn.]
Задание
Выберите один жанр — report, essay, review или column — по заданию «The library's Sunday opening: its first month» и напишите полный текст (320–360 слов) в его договоре: (а) в одной строке над текстом — цель одной фразой (this piece exists so that …) и «что читатель с ним сделает»; (б) композиция по жанру (front-load / end-load; the turn; criteria up front); (в) абзацы с topic sentence, given → new, this + noun, лексической цепочкой и мостами; (г) голос по жанру, с сохранёнными оговорками и цифрами (210 a week; 60 % families; £2,900 vs £2,400; 3 Sundays of 4; 4 desks; key found at 11); (д) плотность: развернуть там, где читатель решает, сжать фон; (е) после текста — три строки обратного плана и одна фраза о том, что вы вырезали и почему.
Образец ответа
Aim: this piece exists so that a Saturday reader can decide whether to go to the library on Sunday, and with whom. Genre: review. The reader will choose.
The library on a Sunday is a different building
It is quieter than on a Saturday, younger by about thirty years, and — for the first hour of the first Sunday — locked, the key having been in the wrong office until eleven. I went on three Sundays out of four (the fourth was the storm), with a child and without, and judged it on four things: quiet, space for children, desks, and whether it opens when it says it will.
Quiet first, because it is the surprise. Sunday mornings before eleven are the quietest hours the building has: a dozen adults, the newspapers, the heating ticking. That quiet lasts until the families arrive, and they arrive together. Between eleven and one the children's corner holds twenty to thirty under-tens on a good Sunday, and the noise reaches the reference shelves. Space for children, then, is generous — the staff have moved two tables and a rug — and it is used; the count says 60 % of the 210 weekly visitors come in family groups, and on the Sundays I saw, that looked right.
Desks are the weak point. There are four, and on all three of my Sundays they were taken by ten past ten, mostly by students who had come for exactly the quiet I described. If you need somewhere to work, this is not yet your Sunday.
Opening hours: after the first week, it opened at ten on the dot. The first week it did not, and eleven families waited on the steps for an hour. That was day one; it has not happened since. I record it because it happened, not because it is typical.
The cost — £2,900 for the month against a forecast of £2,400 — is the committee's problem, not yours, and the difference is a second member of staff between eleven and one, which, having seen eleven to one, I would not cut.
Verdict. Worth it for families with under-tens, between eleven and one especially. Not yet for anyone who needs a desk. Go early if you want the quiet; go at eleven if you want the company.
Reverse outline: what it is like + method + criteria / quiet → children (the count) / desks (weak) / hours (day one, not typical) / cost aside / verdict for whom.
Cut: the three council paragraphs — they serve a column, not a reader choosing a Sunday.
lightbulbСвой текст в выбранном жанре: цель одной фразой + что читатель сделает → композиция по договору жанра → абзацы от данного к новому с мостами → голос по жанру с оговорками и точными цифрами → плотность по ставке читателя → обратный план и что вырезано.
Закрепите урок: упражнения со словами, фразами и грамматикой с проверкой и повторением.