Уверенность и оговорка (likely, unlikely, apparently)
Слова урока · 10
- be likely to /bi ˈlaɪkli tə/вероятно (сделает)
- it's unlikely that /ɪts ʌnˈlaɪkli ðət/маловероятно, что
- bound to /ˈbaʊnd tə/наверняка, непременно
- a good chance /ə ˌɡʊd ˈtʃɑːns/хорошие шансы
- I doubt whether /aɪ ˈdaʊt ˌweðə/сомневаюсь, что
- as far as we can tell /əz ˌfɑːr əz wi kən ˈtel/насколько можно судить
- by all accounts /baɪ ˌɔːl əˈkaʊnts/по всем рассказам
- supposedly /səˈpəʊzɪdli/якобы
- so-called /ˌsəʊ ˈkɔːld/так называемый
- it remains to be seen /ɪt rɪˌmeɪnz tə bi ˈsiːn/ещё предстоит увидеть
Уверенность и оговорка: likely, unlikely, apparently
Кроме модальных глаголов, степень уверенности задают прилагательные и наречия: bound to (наверняка), likely (вероятно), unlikely (маловероятно), а также оговорки об источнике — apparently, supposedly, by all accounts, as far as we can tell. Хороший пересказ ставит уверенность ровно на уровень фактов.
| уровень | обороты | пример |
|---|---|---|
| наверняка | bound to + глагол · certain to · definitely · must (be) | The story is bound to be exaggerated. |
| вероятно | be likely to + глагол · it's likely that · probably · there's a good chance (that) | Prices are likely to rise. There's a good chance the figures are wrong. |
| возможно | may / might · possibly · it's possible that · there's a chance | It might be a different branch. |
| маловероятно | it's unlikely that · be unlikely to · I doubt whether / if | It's unlikely that the bridge will reopen soon. I doubt whether anyone checked. |
| невозможно | can't (be) · there's no way (that) | There's no way that's the same man. |
Оговорки об источнике
| оборот | оттенок | пример |
|---|---|---|
| apparently | так говорят / выяснилось | Apparently, the road is closed. |
| supposedly · so-called | сомнение, лёгкая ирония | The supposedly new policy is two years old. The so-called expert had no qualifications. |
| by all accounts | все источники сходятся | By all accounts, the meeting was tense. |
| as far as we can tell · as far as I know | ограниченное знание | As far as we can tell, nobody was hurt. |
| presumably | логично предположить | Presumably, the figures include tax. |
| it remains to be seen whether … | пока неизвестно | It remains to be seen whether it works. |
Формы likely / unlikely
| форма | пример |
|---|---|
| кто + is likely to + глагол | Prices are likely to rise. |
| It's likely that + предложение | It's likely that prices will rise. |
| highly / very likely · quite likely · unlikely · highly unlikely | It's highly unlikely that anyone checked. |
Уверенность без модальных: формы
| уровень | оборот | схема | пример |
|---|---|---|---|
| наверняка | be bound to; be sure to; definitely | be + bound to + глагол | Prices are bound to rise. |
| вероятно | be likely to; probably; it's likely that | be + likely to + глагол / It's likely that + предложение | The road is likely to close. It's likely that it'll close. |
| маловероятно | be unlikely to; probably not; I doubt (that) | be + unlikely to + глагол | They're unlikely to agree. I doubt they'll agree. |
| по слухам | apparently; supposedly; reportedly | наречие в начале или перед глаголом | Apparently, the shop is closing. |
likely: где стоит и как меняется
| форма | пример | перевод |
|---|---|---|
| X is likely to + глагол | The match is likely to be cancelled. | Матч, вероятно, отменят. |
| It's likely that + предложение | It's likely that the match will be cancelled. | Вероятно, матч отменят. |
| степени: very / quite / highly likely, more likely than | Rain is more likely than snow. | Дождь вероятнее снега. |
| ошибки | It's likely to rain. / He'll probably come. |
Сравните с русским: «скорее всего» — most likely / probably; «вряд ли» — unlikely / I doubt it; «якобы» — supposedly / allegedly. Наречие probably стоит после will и перед обычным глаголом: It'll probably rain; He probably knows.
Нюансы
- likely — прилагательное: is likely to;
likely will rise— американское разговорное, в британском письме избегают. - bound to — сильная уверенность, часто с оттенком «это неизбежно»: it's bound to rain.
- supposedly и so-called несут сомнение; не используйте их, если сомнения нет.
- I doubt whether / if + предложение: I doubt whether anyone checked;
I doubt that not.
push_pinшкала: bound to → likely to / a good chance → may / might → unlikely / I doubt whether → can't; оговорки об источнике: apparently, supposedly, so-called (сомнение), by all accounts (сходятся), as far as we can tell, presumably, it remains to be seen
Фразы урока · 7
- Prices are likely to rise.Цены, вероятно, вырастут.
- It's unlikely that the bridge will reopen soon.Маловероятно, что мост скоро откроют.
- The story is bound to be exaggerated — there's a good chance the figures are wrong.История наверняка преувеличена — есть хорошие шансы, что цифры неверны.
- I doubt whether anyone checked.Сомневаюсь, что кто-то проверял.
- As far as we can tell, nobody was hurt.Насколько можно судить, никто не пострадал.
- By all accounts, the meeting was tense.По всем рассказам, встреча была напряжённой.
- The supposedly new policy is two years old, and the so-called expert had no qualifications. It remains to be seen whether it works.Якобы новая политика существует два года, а у так называемого эксперта не было квалификации. Ещё предстоит увидеть, сработает ли это.
lightbulbШкала уверенности: bound to → likely to → might → unlikely / I doubt whether → can't. Оговорки: apparently (говорят), supposedly / so-called (сомнение), by all accounts, as far as we can tell.
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