Результат исследования (пассив в описании исследования)
Слова урока · 10
- carry out /ˌkæri ˈaʊt/проводить (исследование)
- findings /ˈfaɪndɪŋz/результаты, выводы (исследования)
- sample /ˈsɑːmpl/выборка
- measure /ˈmeʒə/измерять
- analyse /ˈænəlaɪz/анализировать
- it was found that /ɪt wəz ˈfaʊnd ðət/было обнаружено, что
- significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/значимый, существенный
- conclude /kənˈkluːd/заключить, сделать вывод
- further research /ˌfɜːðə rɪˈsɜːtʃ/дальнейшие исследования
- limitation /ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃn/ограничение (исследования)
Результат исследования: что было изучено и обнаружено
Отчёт об исследовании строится по одной схеме: что и как изучали (was carried out, were measured, was analysed), что обнаружили (it was found that …, the findings show …), вывод (the researchers concluded that …) и ограничения (one limitation is …, further research is needed). Пассив здесь — норма: в центре метод и результат, а не учёные.
| часть | обороты | пример |
|---|---|---|
| метод | The study was carried out / conducted … · The sample included … · X was measured with … · The data was analysed … | The study was carried out over five years; the sample included 1,200 adults. |
| результат | It was found that … · The findings show / suggest … · X was found to … · a significant difference | It was found that memory improved after a nap. |
| вывод | The researchers concluded that … · This suggests that … · The results indicate … | The researchers concluded that timing matters. |
| ограничения | One limitation is … · The study did not … · Further research is needed. | One limitation is the small sample; further research is needed. |
Пассив исследования — формы
| форма | пример |
|---|---|
| Past Simple Passive (обычный отчёт) | Samples were collected. Participants were asked to … Sleep was measured. |
| Present Perfect Passive (итог к сегодня) | Several studies have been carried out. Little research has been done on … |
| It + пассив + that | It was found / shown / concluded that … |
| X + was found to + глагол | Coffee was found to improve concentration. |
Осторожность в выводах
| сильно | осторожно (обычно вернее) |
|---|---|
| The study proves that naps improve memory. | The findings suggest that naps may improve memory. |
| Coffee causes better concentration. | Coffee was associated with better concentration. |
| This is true for everyone. | This was true for the sample studied; further research is needed. |
Пассив исследования по частям
| часть | форма | пример | перевод |
|---|---|---|---|
| что делали | Past Simple Passive | A survey was carried out. 500 people were interviewed. Sleep was measured for a month. | Был проведён опрос. Опросили 500 человек. Сон измеряли месяц. |
| что нашли | Past Simple (актив) + that | The researchers found that … It was found that … | Исследователи обнаружили, что… Было обнаружено, что… |
| что это значит | Present Simple: suggests / indicates / shows | This suggests that screen time affects sleep. | Это говорит о том, что экранное время влияет на сон. |
| ограничение | However, … only …; was not + V3 | However, only students were studied. Age was not taken into account. | Однако изучали только студентов. Возраст не учитывался. |
| что дальше | needs to be + V3; will be + V3 | The results need to be confirmed by a larger study. | Результаты нужно подтвердить более крупным исследованием. |
Глаголы отчёта: 3-я форма
| глагол | 3-я форма | перевод | глагол | 3-я форма | перевод |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| carry out | carried out | проведён | find | found | обнаружен |
| measure | measured | измерен | show | shown | показан |
| analyse | analysed | проанализирован | take into account | taken into account | учтён |
| compare | compared | сравнён | publish | published | опубликован |
Сравните с русским: наши безличные «опросили», «измеряли», «было установлено» — всё это пассив с подлежащим-предметом: 500 people were interviewed. Ошибка новичков: It was found out that → It was found that; The research was made → The research was carried out / done.
Нюансы
- findings — обычно множественное; research — неисчисляемое (
a research,researches): a study / a piece of research. - significant в науке — «статистически значимый», не «большой»: small but significant.
- data — формально множественное (the data were), в СМИ и речи чаще the data was; оба приемлемы.
- conclude that + предложение; conclusion: draw a conclusion, come to the conclusion that.
push_pinметод: was carried out, the sample included, was measured, was analysed → результат: it was found that, the findings suggest, X was found to, significant → вывод: concluded that → ограничения: one limitation is, further research is needed; research — неисчисляемое; suggest / may вместо prove
Фразы урока · 7
- The study was carried out over five years.Исследование проводилось пять лет.
- The findings were published in March, and the sample included 1,200 adults.Результаты были опубликованы в марте, а выборка включала 1 200 взрослых.
- Sleep was measured with a wrist sensor, and the data was analysed by two teams.Сон измерялся датчиком на запястье, а данные анализировались двумя группами.
- It was found that memory improved after a nap.Было обнаружено, что память улучшалась после дневного сна.
- The difference was small but significant.Разница была небольшой, но значимой.
- The researchers concluded that timing matters.Исследователи заключили, что время имеет значение.
- One limitation is the small sample; further research is needed.Одно ограничение — небольшая выборка; нужны дальнейшие исследования.
lightbulbОтчёт: was carried out / was measured / was analysed → it was found that … → the researchers concluded that … → one limitation is …, further research is needed. Осторожно: suggest, may, associated with.
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