Сколько и как долго (How long? How many? глаголы состояния)
10 слов · 7 фраз
Слова урока · 10
belong to /bɪˈlɒŋ tə/принадлежать
matter /ˈmætə/иметь значение
realise /ˈrɪəlaɪz/осознавать
doubt /daʊt/сомневаться
suppose /səˈpəʊz/полагать
deserve /dɪˈzɜːv/заслуживать
several /ˈsevrəl/несколько
dozens of /ˈdʌznz əv/десятки
temporary /ˈtemprəri/временный
own /əʊn/владеть
Сколько и как долго: выбор формы по вопросу и по глаголу
Форму подсказывают два вопроса и тип глагола. How many / How much? (сколько сделано) → Present Perfect Simple. How long? (как долго) → Present Perfect Continuous. А глаголы состояния (know, believe, own, belong, matter, seem) не имеют формы -ing — с ними «как долго» тоже выражает Simple.
вопрос
форма
пример
How many books have you read?
Simple
I've read dozens of books. · I've tried several methods.
How much have you done?
Simple
I've done half of the course.
How long have you been reading?
Continuous
I've been reading for two hours.
How long have you known her?
Simple (глагол состояния)
I've known her for ten years.
Глаголы состояния — без Continuous
группа
глаголы
пример с Present Perfect
знание, мнение
know, believe, understand, realise, suppose, doubt, mean
I've known him since school. I've never doubted the method.
владение, принадлежность
have, own, belong to, need
I've owned this dictionary for ten years. I've belonged to the club since 2020.
чувства, оценка
like, love, hate, prefer, deserve, matter
I've always preferred evening classes.
восприятие, впечатление
seem, look (казаться), sound, hear
It's seemed easier lately.
Глаголы с двумя значениями
глагол
состояние (Simple)
действие (Continuous)
have
I've had this book for years. (владею)
I've been having problems with the app. (испытываю)
think
I've always thought it's useful. (мнение)
I've been thinking about changing courses. (размышляю)
see
I've seen that film. (видел)
I've been seeing a tutor. (встречаюсь с)
feel
I've felt it's important. (считаю)
I've been feeling tired. (самочувствие)
Вопрос → форма → ответ
вопрос
форма ответа
пример
перевод
How long …?
Continuous (или Simple с глаголом состояния)
— How long have you been studying? — For six months. / Since January.
— Давно ты учишься? — Полгода. / С января.
How many …?
Simple
— How many lessons have you done? — Twelve.
— Сколько уроков ты прошёл? — Двенадцать.
How much …?
Simple
— How much have you spent on books? — About 50 euros.
— Сколько ты потратил на книги? — Около 50 евро.
How often …?
Present Simple (привычка)
— How often do you practise? — Every day.
— Как часто ты занимаешься? — Каждый день.
Ошибки новичков
неверно
верно
правило
How long are you learning English?
How long have you been learning English?
с how long — Perfect, не настоящее
I've been knowing him for years.
I've known him for years.
глаголы состояния — без -ing
I've been reading three books this month.
I've read three books this month.
число → Simple
I've been having a car since 2020.
I've had a car since 2020.
have = иметь — состояние
Нюансы
«Сколько» + Continuous — ошибка: How many words have you been learning? → have you learnt.
It doesn't matter — глагол состояния: it isn't mattering.
С live / work / study обе формы верны на любой срок: I've lived here for years = I've been living here for years.
temporary vs permanent: Continuous часто намекает на временность (I've been staying with friends — временно).
push_pinHow many / How much → have done (dozens of, several); How long → have been doing; глаголы состояния (know, believe, own, belong to, matter, seem, doubt, suppose, deserve) — только Simple: I've known her for years; have / think / see / feel — два значения
Фразы урока · 7
I've belonged to the club since 2020.Я состою в клубе с 2020 года.
It doesn't matter how long it takes.Неважно, сколько это займёт.
I've realised how much I've learnt.Я осознал, как много выучил.
I've never doubted the method, and I suppose it's worth it.Я никогда не сомневался в методе и полагаю, оно того стоит.
I've tried several methods and watched dozens of videos.Я перепробовал несколько методов и посмотрел десятки видео.
It's a temporary problem — you deserve a break.Это временная проблема — ты заслуживаешь перерыв.
I've owned this dictionary for ten years, and I've been thinking about buying a new one.Этот словарь у меня уже десять лет, и я подумываю купить новый.
lightbulbHow many → have done; How long → have been doing; глаголы состояния (know, own, belong, matter) — только Simple: I've known her for years.
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