Метод и результат (пассив в описании исследования)
Слова урока · 10
- sample /ˈsɑːmpl/выборка
- control group /kənˈtrəʊl ɡruːp/контрольная группа
- be assigned to /bi əˈsaɪnd tuː/быть распределённым в
- measure /ˈmeʒə/измерять
- participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪpənt/участник (исследования)
- trial /ˈtraɪəl/испытание, клиническое исследование
- in plain terms /ɪn ˌpleɪn ˈtɜːmz/простыми словами
- jargon /ˈdʒɑːɡən/жаргон, специальные термины
- outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/исход, измеряемый результат
- placebo /pləˈsiːbəʊ/плацебо
Метод и результат: пассив в описании исследования и перевод на простой язык
Описание метода — единственное место, где пассив в английском не «канцелярит», а норма: важно, что было сделано, а не кто делал. Participants were assigned, recall was measured, it was found that. Но объяснить неспециалисту — значит перевести это на простой язык: in plain terms, that is, put simply, без jargon. На C1 нужно уметь и то, и другое.
| шаг метода | научно (пассив) | простыми словами |
|---|---|---|
| кто | A sample of 120 adults was recruited. | They found 120 adults. |
| группы | Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. | They split people into two groups by chance. |
| вмешательство | One group was given eight hours' sleep; the control group received a placebo. | One group slept properly; the other didn't. |
| измерение | Recall was measured after a week. | A week later they tested what people remembered. |
| результат | It was found that the sleep group scored 20 % higher. | In plain terms, the group that slept did better. |
Пассивные формулы описания
| формула | пример |
|---|---|
| X was / were + V3 | Data were collected over six months. |
| It was found / shown / observed that | It was found that the effect held only in adults. |
| X is known / thought to | Sleep is known to affect memory. |
| having been + V3 | Having been assigned to the control group, they received a placebo. |
Термин → простой язык
| термин | простыми словами |
|---|---|
| a randomised controlled trial | an experiment where people are split into groups by chance and one group gets nothing |
| placebo | a fake treatment that looks real |
| primary outcome | the main thing they measured |
| a sample of 120 | 120 people took part |
| statistically significant | unlikely to be down to chance |
Простыми словами: пассивные формулы метода
| шаг | формула | пример | перевод |
|---|---|---|---|
| участники | X were recruited / selected / divided into | 200 adults were recruited and divided into two groups. | Набрали 200 взрослых и разделили на две группы. |
| процедура | X was measured / recorded / administered | Sleep was measured for four weeks. | Сон измеряли четыре недели. |
| анализ | data were analysed / compared | The results were compared with the control group. | Результаты сравнили с контрольной группой. |
| результат | a difference was found / observed; no effect was detected | A significant difference was found. | Обнаружено значимое различие. |
| ограничение | X was not controlled for; could not be ruled out | Diet was not controlled for. | Питание не контролировалось. |
Термин → простой язык
| термин | простыми словами |
|---|---|
| control group | the group that didn't get the treatment, so we can compare — группа сравнения |
| randomised | people were put in groups by chance — случайное распределение |
| sample | the people who took part — участники |
| placebo | a fake treatment that looks real — пустышка |
| significant (статистически) | unlikely to be chance — вряд ли случайность (не «важный»!) |
| variable | something that can change and is measured — измеряемый показатель |
Ошибки новичков: The experiment was made → was carried out / conducted; 200 adults were recruited by us — by us лишнее; significant в смысле «большой» → substantial / large. Сравните с русским: русские безличные «измеряли», «набрали» — это и есть английский пассив.
Нюансы
- data и media — множественное в научном стиле: data were collected.
- measure — глагол /ˈmeʒə/; measurement — процесс; measure (сущ.) — мера.
- trial — испытание (лекарства, метода); study — исследование вообще; experiment — с вмешательством.
- in plain terms = in plain English = put simply; после них — без терминов.
- Пересказ неспециалисту не должен терять метки уверенности (урок 3) — упрощаем слова, не вывод.
push_pinметод — пассив: a sample was recruited, participants were randomly assigned to, X was given, recall was measured, it was found that; простыми словами: in plain terms, put simply, that is; trial / placebo / control group / outcome → простой перевод; data were
Фразы урока · 7
- The sample was 120 adults, and the control group got a placebo.Выборка — 120 взрослых, а контрольная группа получала плацебо.
- Participants were randomly assigned to two groups.Участников случайно распределили в две группы.
- We measured recall after a week — the main outcome was recall.Мы измеряли запоминание через неделю — главный измеряемый результат — запоминание.
- Each participant kept a diary, and the trial lasted six months.Каждый участник вёл дневник, а испытание длилось шесть месяцев.
- In plain terms, the group that slept did better.Простыми словами, группа, которая спала, показала результат лучше.
- Cut the jargon.Уберите жаргон.
- Half received a placebo.Половина получала плацебо.
lightbulbМетод — пассивом (were assigned to, was measured, it was found that); неспециалисту — простыми словами (in plain terms, put simply), без жаргона, но с сохранением меток уверенности.
Закрепите урок: упражнения со словами, фразами и грамматикой с проверкой и повторением.