Научное знание и доказательства

observation (что увидели) → hypothesis (объяснение, test / confirm / reject) → evidence for / that (неисчисл.: some evidence, a piece of) → proof (редко); claim; account for = чем объясняется; anecdotal < observational < empirical < replicated; plausible ≠ proven

шкала: suggest / point to (слабо) → indicate / consistent with (умеренно) → show / demonstrate / confirm (сильно) → establish / prove (твёрдо); rule out, cast doubt on; suggest that / + сущ.; пересказ не должен overstate (suggest ≠ show ≠ prove)

метки вероятности: is likely to / there is reason to believe → may well → appears / seems to → may / might → is unlikely to; tentatively, preliminary, robust, (in)conclusive, within limits, to a degree; не больше двух меток; убрать метку = усилить результат

метод — пассив: a sample was recruited, participants were randomly assigned to, X was given, recall was measured, it was found that; простыми словами: in plain terms, put simply, that is; trial / placebo / control group / outcome → простой перевод; data were

связь: is associated with, correlates with, is linked to; причина: causes, leads to, results in; приписывание: attribute X to Y; связь ≠ причина из-за confounding factor, reverse causation, coincidence; причина требует trial + mechanism + replication; correlation is not causation

границы: sample (small, not representative), may not apply to, self-reported, in the short term, under these conditions; обобщение: can't generalise from, don't extrapolate; оговорка: with the caveat that, at least …, one caveat, remains to be seen, further research is needed (какое именно)