Собственный вывод (своё и чужое: отсылки к источнику)
Слова урока · 10
- on this evidence /ɒn ˌðɪs ˈevɪdəns/на основании этих данных
- my own reading is /maɪ ˌəʊn ˈriːdɪŋ ɪz/моё собственное прочтение
- I would go further /aɪ wʊd ˌɡəʊ ˈfɜːðə/я бы пошёл дальше
- I would not go as far as /aɪ wʊd ˌnɒt ɡəʊ əz ˈfɑːr æz/я бы не заходил так далеко, как
- attribution /ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃn/указание источника (кому принадлежит)
- in my assessment /ɪn maɪ əˈsesmənt/по моей оценке
- the sources do not say /ðə ˌsɔːsɪz du ˌnɒt ˈseɪ/источники не говорят
- extrapolate /ɪkˈstræpəleɪt/экстраполировать
- weigh /weɪ/взвесить
- conclude /kənˈkluːd/заключить
Собственный вывод: отделить его от источников и обозначить его силу
Работа по источникам заканчивается не пересказом, а своим выводом — и читатель должен видеть, где кончаются источники и начинаетесь вы. Средства: attribution для чужого (A reports; according to B), маркеры своего (my own reading is; in my assessment; I conclude), связь с данными (on this evidence; taken together), позиция относительно источников (I would go further than A; I would not go as far as C), честность о границах (the sources do not say; I extrapolate — cautiously) и вес (weigh A more heavily than B, because …).
| ход | обороты | пример |
|---|---|---|
| чужое — с указанием | A reports · according to B · C's view is | A reports 40 %; C puts it at a third. |
| вес источников | I weigh A more heavily · B is the weakest · in my assessment | In my assessment, B is the weakest source: an interested estimate. |
| свой вывод | my own reading is · on this evidence, I conclude · taken together, they suggest | On this evidence, a six-month trial is justified. |
| относительно источников | I would go further than A · I would not go as far as C · unlike B, I | I would not go as far as C in blaming the bus alone. |
| границы | the sources do not say · I extrapolate, cautiously · this goes beyond the evidence | The sources do not say whether the retail park would respond. |
Чужое или своё — проверка
| фраза | чьё | как пометить |
|---|---|---|
| 40 % of Saturday customers come from villages. | источник A | A's survey (2019) reports that … |
| The bus cut caused the fall in trade. | источник C (интерес!) | C attributes the fall to the bus cut; the sources do not establish this. |
| A shuttle would pay for itself. | ваша экстраполяция | My own reading — extrapolating from C's shop to the street — is that … |
| A trial is justified. | ваш вывод | On this evidence, I conclude that … |
Образец абзаца с выводом
| шаг | текст |
|---|---|
| вес | In my assessment, A carries the most weight — a survey of 300 with no obvious interest — and B the least, being the operator's own estimate. |
| вывод | Taken together, the sources suggest that a large share of Saturday trade depends on village customers, and on this evidence I conclude that a six-month trial is the right next step. |
| относительно источников | I would not go as far as C in attributing the whole fall to the bus; I would go further than A in including Sundays in the trial. |
| границы | The sources do not say whether the retail park would respond, and my estimate of footfall extrapolates from one shop — cautiously. |
Простыми словами: чужое и своё — разными словами
| чьё | оборот | пример |
|---|---|---|
| источник | The report states; According to …; the survey found | The report states that accidents fell by 40 %. |
| несколько источников вместе | Taken together, …; Both sources point to … | Taken together, the sources point to a real fall in accidents. |
| моё | I conclude that …; My reading is that …; On the evidence available, …; This suggests to me | On the evidence available, I conclude that the crossing works in daylight but not at 8.30. |
| сила моего вывода | with reasonable confidence; tentatively; cannot be ruled out | I say this tentatively, since near misses are not recorded. |
| что бы изменило вывод | This would change if …; would need … | This would change if the police data included near misses. |
Чужое или своё — проверка
| фраза | чьё? | как пометить |
|---|---|---|
| Accidents fell by 40 %. | отчёт | The report states that … |
| Drivers ignore the lights at 8.30. | интервью | One parent reports that … |
| The crossing works, but not at peak time. | моё | My conclusion is that … |
| A camera would solve this. | моё предположение | I would expect a camera to …, though this is untested. |
Ошибки новичков: It is known that accidents fell (чьё?) → The report states; In my opinion, accidents fell by 40 % — это факт источника, не мнение; I am sure that без данных → I conclude, with reasonable confidence, that …
Нюансы
- attribution — не только ссылка, но и глагол: reports / claims / attributes — с оттенком (тема 46).
- my own reading — «моё прочтение данных»; не «my opinion» (мнение без данных).
- on this evidence — вывод привязан к данным и меняется с ними.
- I would go further / not as far as — позиция относительно источника, не оценка его качества.
- Вывод без «the sources do not say» — вывод без границ; на C1 их называют.
push_pinчужое — attribution (A reports, according to B); вес — in my assessment, weigh A more heavily; своё — my own reading is, on this evidence I conclude, taken together; относительно: I would go further than / not as far as; границы: the sources do not say, I extrapolate cautiously
Фразы урока · 7
- On this evidence, a trial is justified — I conclude that a six-month trial is the right next step.На основании этих данных проба оправдана — я заключаю, что полугодовая проба — верный следующий шаг.
- My own reading is that the cost is understated.Моё собственное прочтение: стоимость занижена.
- I would go further than A and include Sundays, but I would not go as far as C in blaming the bus.Я бы пошёл дальше A и включил воскресенья, но не заходил бы так далеко, как C, обвиняя автобус.
- Clear attribution separates their view from mine.Ясное указание источника отделяет их позицию от моей.
- In my assessment, B is the weakest source — weigh A more heavily than B.По моей оценке, B — самый слабый источник; придайте A больший вес, чем B.
- The sources do not say whether the retail park would respond.Источники не говорят, отреагирует ли торговый парк.
- I extrapolate from one shop to the street — cautiously.Я экстраполирую с одного магазина на улицу — осторожно.
lightbulbСвой вывод отдельно от чужого: A reports / according to (чужое) → in my assessment, weigh (вес) → on this evidence I conclude, my own reading is (своё) → I would go further than / not as far as → the sources do not say, I extrapolate cautiously.
Закрепите урок: упражнения со словами, фразами и грамматикой с проверкой и повторением.