Уверенный и возможный исход (would, could, might have)
Слова урока · 10
- might have /ˈmaɪt əv/возможно (в прошлом)
- could have /ˈkʊd əv/мог бы (была возможность)
- wouldn't have /ˈwʊdnt əv/не … бы (в прошлом)
- certainly /ˈsɜːtnli/наверняка, безусловно
- possibly /ˈpɒsəbli/возможно
- there's no guarantee /ðeəz ˌnəʊ ˌɡærənˈtiː/нет гарантии
- in all likelihood /ɪn ˌɔːl ˈlaɪklihʊd/по всей вероятности
- at best /ət ˈbest/в лучшем случае
- otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/иначе, в противном случае
- hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθetɪkl/гипотетический
Уверенный и возможный исход: would, could и might have
В результате третьего условия не обязательно would. Три модальных глагола дают три степени: would have — исход почти наверняка; could have — была бы возможность / способность; might have — исход возможен, но не гарантирован. Наречия (certainly, possibly, in all likelihood, at best) уточняют степень.
| форма | уверенность | пример | перевод |
|---|---|---|---|
| would have + 3-я ф. | ~95 %: так бы и вышло | If they had acted, the fish would have survived. | рыба бы выжила |
| could have + 3-я ф. | возможность, способность | They could have saved the wetland. | могли бы спасти (была возможность) |
| might have + 3-я ф. | ~50 %: возможно | The scheme might have worked with more money. | возможно, сработал бы |
| wouldn't have + 3-я ф. | точно не | The fish wouldn't have died. | не погибла бы |
| might not have + 3-я ф. | возможно, не | It might not have been enough. | возможно, этого не хватило бы |
Наречия степени в результате
| наречие | место | пример |
|---|---|---|
| certainly · definitely | would certainly have | It would certainly have cost more. |
| in all likelihood · probably | в начале / would probably have | In all likelihood, the river would have recovered. |
| possibly · perhaps | might possibly have | It might possibly have worked. |
| at best / at worst | в начале | At best, it would have delayed the problem. |
| there's no guarantee (that) | отдельным предложением | There's no guarantee it would have helped. |
Без if: otherwise и without
| структура | пример |
|---|---|
| факт; otherwise + would have | They acted quickly; otherwise the fire would have spread. |
| Without / But for + сущ. + would have | Without the barrier, the town would have flooded. |
| Luckily, … — it could have been worse | Luckily, nobody was hurt; it could have been much worse. |
Три модальных в результате: полная таблица
| форма | уверенность | отрицание | пример | перевод |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| would have + V3 | точно (при том условии) | wouldn't have + V3 | If we'd left earlier, we would have caught the train. | …мы бы успели на поезд. |
| could have + V3 | была бы возможность | couldn't have + V3 | …we could have caught the train. | …мы могли бы успеть на поезд. |
| might have + V3 | возможно | might not have + V3 | …we might have caught the train. | …мы, возможно, успели бы на поезд. |
Без if: otherwise, without, but for
| оборот | пример | перевод |
|---|---|---|
| Otherwise, + would have | We left early. Otherwise, we would have missed it. | Мы выехали рано. Иначе опоздали бы. |
| Without + сущ., + would have | Without your help, I couldn't have finished. | Без твоей помощи я бы не закончил. |
| But for + сущ., + would have (книжно) | But for the rain, the crop would have failed. | Если бы не дождь, урожай бы погиб. |
| Luckily / Fortunately, … or … | Luckily we checked, or we would have paid twice. | К счастью, мы проверили, иначе заплатили бы дважды. |
Ошибки новичков: we might catch the train (о прошлом) → might have caught; Without your help I wouldn't finish (о прошлом) → wouldn't have finished; could have been able to → could have.
Нюансы
- could have в результате условия — «имели бы возможность»; в выводе о прошлом (тема 24) — «возможно, случилось». Различайте по контексту.
- would have утверждает слишком много там, где исход неясен; в анализе честнее might have + оговорка (there's no guarantee).
- Наречие — между модальным и have: would certainly have, might possibly have.
- hypothetical — сигнал, что разговор о «если бы»: it's a hypothetical question.
push_pinwould have — наверняка; could have — была возможность; might have — возможно; wouldn't have — точно не; наречия между модальным и have: would certainly have, might possibly have; in all likelihood, at best, there's no guarantee; без if: otherwise / without … would have
Фразы урока · 7
- The scheme might have worked with more money.Проект, возможно, сработал бы при большем финансировании.
- They could have saved the wetland, but the fish wouldn't have died anyway.Они могли бы спасти болото, но рыба всё равно бы не погибла.
- It would certainly have cost more, and it might possibly have worked.Это наверняка стоило бы дороже, и, возможно, сработало бы.
- There's no guarantee it would have helped.Нет гарантии, что это помогло бы.
- In all likelihood, the river would have recovered.По всей вероятности, река бы восстановилась.
- At best, it would have delayed the problem.В лучшем случае это отсрочило бы проблему.
- They acted quickly; otherwise the fire would have spread. It's a hypothetical question.Они действовали быстро; иначе пожар распространился бы. Это гипотетический вопрос.
lightbulbИсход в прошлом: would have (наверняка), could have (была возможность), might have (возможно). Уточняйте: would certainly have, might possibly have, at best, there's no guarantee.
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