Окружающая среда и последствия

причина: stems from (главная), is caused by; вклад: contributes to, is a factor in; участники: stakeholders, those affected; последствие: has an impact on, leads to, puts … at risk, at stake; словарь: emissions, habitat, species, run-off, deforestation

тогда: at the time, it seemed; сделали: went ahead with, nobody consulted, instead of; вышло: turned out to be, backfired, unintended consequences; оценка: in retrospect; альтернатива: could have avoided, would have prevented; prevent X from + -ing

Third Conditional: if + Past Perfect (had consulted), would have + 3-я форма (would have worked); отрицания hadn't / wouldn't have; пассив would have been averted; формально: had they known, but for, if it hadn't been for; в условии — не would

would have — наверняка; could have — была возможность; might have — возможно; wouldn't have — точно не; наречия между модальным и have: would certainly have, might possibly have; in all likelihood, at best, there's no guarantee; без if: otherwise / without … would have

связь: lead to, result in, trigger, give rise to, bring about; следующее звено: in turn; побочное: knock-on effect on, side effect, indirectly; итог: ultimately; круг: vicious circle; направление: result in (к следствию) ≠ result from (от причины)

типы мер: ban, incentive / subsidy, regulation, awareness; оси: эффект (cut by … %), затраты (cost-effective), исполнимость (enforce, comply with), срок (short-term / long-term); вывод: the benefits outweigh the drawbacks, on balance; a ban on, ban X from -ing