Академическое обсуждение и письмо

тема → research question (to what extent …?) → scope / beyond the scope → thesis statement (this essay argues that; my contention is; it will be argued that) → outline (section one …); тезис: спорный, доказуемый, один; argue = утверждать и доказывать

X is defined here as / refers to / for the purposes of this essay; as distinct from; encompasses / excludes; operationalise X as (measured by); criterion / criteria; a working definition will suffice; определять один раз в начале; не словарное, а рабочее

claim → evidence (sample size, n =, correlation of, statistically significant) → warrant (this suggests that, the data support, is consistent with, bears on) → сила (effect size, weak / strong, tentative, at best mixed); data — мн. ч.; significant ≠ большой; support ≠ prove

author-date: Baker (2022) argues / (Baker, 2022); according to; cited in; несколько работ через «;»; глаголы: reports / finds (нейтрально), argues / shows (с доказательством), suggests (осторожно), claims (дистанция); builds on, takes issue with, the literature is divided, a body of evidence; paraphrase тоже с ссылкой — иначе plagiarism

безлично: it is argued that, it can be seen that, the data suggest, this essay argues, the author; hedge: appears to, may, to some extent; номинализация к месту, но не «-tion of the -tion»; без contractions и разговорных слов; concise — одна мысль на предложение, числа вместо оценок; formal ≠ pompous

абзац: topic sentence → evidence (с источником) → analysis (this suggests, it follows that, this bears on) → link (this raises the question, having established, turning to); суммирующие: in the light of, taken together, a further consideration; signpost умеренно; без analysis абзац незавершён